渭河河漫滩宏观弥散度计算          下载免费PDF全文

张小筱  李修成 《水文》2017,37(5):21-26

宏观弥散度的确定对地下水溶质运移至关重要。利用竖管法野外现场测定900个点的垂向饱和渗透系数Kv值,然后进行统计分布检验,运用地质统计学中负指数模型在有块金效应影响的条件下拟合出ln Kv的空间相关尺度λ值,进而利用λ与宏观弥散度关系式求解渭河漫滩非饱和带的宏观弥散度。结果表明,研究区整体Kv平均值为0.012cm/s,方差为1.33,表明Kv空间差异性较大;垂向渗透系数基本服从对数正态分布规律,满足宏观弥散度计算条件;估算整体纵向宏观弥散度为21.27m,各排计算结果约2.11~4.65m。  相似文献   

Levee effects upon flood levels: an empirical assessment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Reuben A. Heine  Nicholas Pinter 《水文研究》2012,26(21):3225-3240

This study used stream gauge records to assess the impact of levees on flood levels, providing an empirical test of theoretical and model predictions of the effects on local flood response. Focusing upon a study area in Illinois and Iowa for which levee records were available, we identified 203 gauges with ≥ 50 years hydrological record, including 15 gauges where a levee was constructed during the period of record. At these sites, step‐change analysis utilizing regression residuals tested levee‐related stage changes and levels of significance and quantified the magnitudes of stage changes. Despite large differences in stream sizes, levee alignments, and degree of floodplain constriction, the post‐levee rating‐curve adjustments showed consistent signatures. For all the study sites, stages for below bankfull (non‐flood) conditions were unaffected by levee construction. For above bankfull (flood) conditions, stages at sites downstream of their associated levees also were statistically indistinguishable before versus after levee construction. However, at all sites upstream of levees or within leveed reaches, stages increased for above bankfull conditions. These increases were abrupt, statistically significant, and generally large in magnitude – ranging up to 2.3 m (Wabash River at Mt. Carmel, IL). Stage increases began when discharge increased above bankfull flow and generally increased in magnitude with discharge until the associated levee(s) were overtopped. Detailed site assessments and supplementary data available from some sites helped document the dominant mechanisms by which levees can increase flood levels. Levee construction reduces the area of the floodplain open to storage of flood waters and reduces the width of the floodplain open to conveyance of flood flow. Floodplain conveyance often is underestimated or ignored, but Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements analysed here confirm previous studies that up to 70% or more of the total discharge during large floods (~3% chance flood) can move over the floodplain. Upstream of levees and levee‐related floodplain constriction, backwater effects reduce flow velocities relative to pre‐levee conditions and, thus, increase stages for a given discharge. The empirical results here confirm a variety of theoretical predictions of levee effects but suggest that many one‐dimensional model‐based predictions of levee‐related stage changes may underestimate actual levee impacts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2011年安庆4.8级地震序列S波分裂研究     

李玲利  陈浩朋  刘泽民  倪红玉  洪德全 《地震》2012,32(3):28-36

采用互相关系数法, 计算了2011年安庆M_S4.8地震的余震S波分裂参数。 结果表明, 余震序列的S波分裂现象明显, 快S波平均偏振方向在近NNW向, 与区域最大水平主压应力方向基本一致。 通过分析延迟时间随时间的变化趋势, 可以看出M_S4.8地震后有明显的应力释放现象。 在几次较大余震前, 观测到延迟时间呈现增加的特征, 并且其中一次余震在发生之前的短时间内还出现延迟时间减小的现象, 这一现象符合震前应力长时间积累和短时间应力释放的结论, 时间延迟在强震前会出现下降具有重要的地震短临预测意义。 研究认为 S 波分裂参数可以反映区域应力场的动态变化信息, 可以为安徽南部地区应力场研究与地震预测提供有用的信息。  相似文献   

安庆4.8级地震序列的地震波谱变化研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李发  李罡风  裴红云  赵希磊  张柄 《高原地震》2012,24(1):23-27

采用安徽区域数字地震台网记录的安庆4.8级地震序列波形资料,开展地震波谱研究,求取了零频位移谱值、应力降和地震矩等震源参数。分析了纵、横波零频谱值比和应力降随时间的变化趋势,并讨论了震源参数之间的关系。结果表明,安庆4.8级主震后,纵、横波零频位移谱值比和应力降呈现一定的变化规律,可为主震—余震序列的最大余震的预测提供一定的参考依据,同时发现震源参数与震级有一定相关。  相似文献   

Evaluating parameter effects in a DEM ‘burning’ process based on land cover data     

Augusto C. V. Getirana  Marie‐Paule Bonnet  Jean‐Michel Martinez 《水文研究》2009,23(16):2316-2325

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The use of remotely sensed land cover to derive floodplain friction coefficients for flood inundation modelling     

M. D. Wilson  P. M. Atkinson 《水文研究》2007,21(26):3576-3586

Remotely sensed land cover was used to generate spatially‐distributed friction coefficients for use in a two‐dimensional model of flood inundation. Such models are at the forefront of research into the prediction of river flooding. Standard practice, however, is to use single (static) friction coefficients on both the channel and floodplain, which are varied in a calibration procedure to provide a “best fit” to a known inundation extent. Spatially‐distributed friction provides a physically grounded estimate of friction that does not require fitting to a known inundation extent, but which can be fitted if desired. Remote sensing offers the opportunity to map these friction coefficients relatively straightforwardly and for low cost. Inundation was predicted using the LISFLOOD‐FP model for a reach on the River Nene, UK. Friction coefficients were produced from land cover predicted from Landsat TM imagery using both ML and fuzzy c‐means classifiction. The elevetion data used were from combined contour and differential global positioning system (GPS) elevation data. Predicted inundation using spatially‐distributed and static friction were compared. Spatially‐distributed friction had the greatest effect on the timing of flood inundation, but a small effect on predicted inundation extent. The results indicate that spatially‐distributed friction should be considered where the timing of initial flooding (e.g. for early warning) is important. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

FLOODPLAIN DELINEATION AND HOUSING SUBMARKETS: TWO CASE STUDIES   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Burrell E. Montz 《The Professional geographer》1987,39(1):59-61

The effect of floodplain designation on the residential real estate market in two communities, Elmira, NY and Wilkes-Barre, PA, is presented. Discriminant analysis differentiates between floodplain and nonfloodplain housing, using as independent variables characteristics of the houses sold. Several varibles define submarkets, but they vary between the communities. Only selling price and lot size were significant for both communities. Distinct floodplain and nonfloodplain housing markets can be differentiated. This allows for isolation of socioeconomic and environmental variables that may contribute to the recovery of housing values following flooding or to the implementation of land use controls associated with floodplain designation.  相似文献   

Seasonal inundation patterns in two large savanna floodplains of South America: the Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) and the Llanos del Orinoco (Venezuela and Colombia)     

Stephen K. Hamilton  Suzanne J. Sippel  John M. Melack 《水文研究》2004,18(11):2103-2116

Inundation patterns in two of the largest savanna floodplains of South America were studied by analysis of the 37‐GHz polarization difference observed by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (Nimbus‐7 satellite). Flooded area was estimated at monthly intervals for January 1979 through to August 1987 using mixing models that account for the major landscape units with distinctive microwave emission characteristics. Results are presented separately for five subregions in each of the two floodplain regions to show the spatial as well as temporal variability in inundation patterns. The total area inundated during the 9 years varied between 2069 and 78 460 km² in the Llanos de Moxos (also spelled as Mojos; median area, 23 383 km²) and 1278 and 105 454 km² in the Llanos del Orinoco (median, 25 374 km²), not including the open‐water area of permanent lakes and river channels. The correlation between flooded area and river stage was used to extend the inundation records over a 30‐year period in the Moxos (1967–97) and a 58‐year period (1927–85) in the Orinoco. Interannual variability in inundation is greater in the Moxos than the Orinoco. Comparison of these data, however, with a previously published analysis of the Pantanal wetland shows that inundation patterns in these two floodplain regions are not as variable across years as they are in the Pantanal. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Measuring the flow resistance of submerged grass     

C. A. M. E. Wilson  M. S. Horritt 《水文研究》2002,16(13):2589-2598

Through laboratory experiments conducted in a grass‐lined flume, the hydraulic resistance of grass is measured and quantified. For the grass examined, it is found that Manning's n value is greater than those recommended in well‐established texts such as Chow (1959. Open Channel Flow. McGraw‐Hill: Singapore), relatively lower than those predicted by n‐UR methods, but corresponds well with the value found from calibration studies of two‐ and three‐dimensional numerical models. The assumption of a uniform Manning's n value with flow depth, which is often made in numerical modelling, may be invalid depending on the relative submergence of the vegetation. Drag coefficients are evaluated for a method applicable to three‐dimensional numerical models. Further detailed experimental investigation and application of these approaches within a numerical modelling framework is now recommended. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

长江三峡阶地的成因机制   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

杨达源 《地理学报》1988,(2)

根据对长江三峡阶地堆积物进行的野外调查与室内分析发现三峡阶地的成因具有以下特点:构成阶地上部的河漫滩相堆积、中部的冲积砾石层与作为阶地基座的基岩平台是在不同时期形成的;阶地上部河漫滩相堆积是在中全新世气候温暖、长江三峡高水位条件下形成的.因此,长江三峡阶地是在构造上升的基础上由于气候及长江三峡流量及水位变化而形成的,并非一定是间歇性构造上升的标志.  相似文献